ࡱ> jli J8bjbj @l``/0 vvvvv8f,b,6Z/+++++++$.1`,v???,vv,CCC?vv+C?+CC:]$,$\u>!4$ +2,0b,$ 1U1$$x1v*??C?????,,m???b,????1????????? X <: Department of History and Religion Guide for Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition citations (Updated January 2024) 1. What is in this guide? You will find some basic principles of CMS citations and bibliographies, and information on how to cite many different kinds of primary sources (i.e. original sources from the time period you are studying). For information on how to cite the most common secondary sources (i.e. sources written by scholars after the time period you are studying), go to the  HYPERLINK "https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html" Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide. You can also check the HYPERLINK "https://library.ulethbridge.ca/c.php?g=256463"librarys CMS site but it is less accurate than the CMS Quick Guide. Automatic citation generators are hit-and-miss when it comes to accuracy, so it's better to learn how to do it yourself correctly. 2. Why do historians use CMS? CMS provides much more information than other referencing styles. Using footnotes or endnotes keeps your sentences free from interruptions by in-text references and brackets, and a CMS bibliography includes all the information another historian could use to quickly and easily check your sources. Your bibliography should include every item that you cite in the paper, and any items that you read but did not directly cite or paraphrase. See the last page of this guide for a sample bibliography - note how the primary sources are listed first, then the secondary sources, and everything is listed alphabetically. Note the other changes as well: last names are listed first in the bibliography, most of the commas in the footnote citations have become periods, etc. 3. How often do I need to cite my sources? You must cite the source of any direct quotes, paraphrases, or ideas that are not your own. You do not need to cite information that would be considered common knowledge, such as World War I started in 1914. In lower-level papers you may need to cite every couple of sentences; as you get more confident in your own ideas and writing, upper-level papers may only have 2-4 references per paragraph. Do not string together a series of direct quotes or rely on them to make your point. Direct quotes are there to provide evidence and should only be used when an authors original words are particularly useful in illustrating your argument. The words inside of the quotation marks must be exactly the same as they appeared in the original quote. There are only a few situations where you can change the original quote, and you must clearly indicate your changes: - If you add anything to or modify a quote, use square brackets to indicate the additions or changes. For example, if the direct quote refers to she, and it is not entirely clear who she is, replace she with the persons name. Similarly, if you must change capitalization to keep your sentence grammatically correct, this is also indicated by square brackets. - If you wish to shorten a quote or include only a part of the original sentence, use an ellipsis (three periods ... ) to indicate that youve omitted some of the original text. - Do not correct errors in punctuation, spelling or any other aspect of a direct quote, but indicate that the error is not your own by inserting the word sic in square brackets after the mistake. With footnotes or endnotes, begin with the number 1 (not Roman numerals) and then subsequently number 2, 3, 4, etc... throughout the paper. Put the superscript number (i.e. raised slightly) which indicates a footnote or endnote immediately after a direct quote or at the end of a sentence or paragraph where you need to indicate your sources. Do not use more than one superscript number per sentence - if you are referencing two sources in one sentence, place a single note at the end of the sentence and include the citation information for both sources in the footnote or endnote. Use a semi-colon to separate the two sources, and list them in the same order as you used them in the sentence or paragraph. In North America punctuation goes inside the quotation marks, but the European standard is for the final punctuation to come after the final quotations marks ask your professor which they prefer. 4. When should I use long quotes vs a paraphrase? Always try to use your own words to summarize an authors point, and cite their work in your footnotes/endnotes. Only use long quotations if it is absolutely necessary to convey the full flavor of the quotation. If a quotation is more than five lines long, single space the text of the quotation and indent the whole block of text a further 1/( inch from your normal margin. Do not indent the right side or shrink the font. You do not need to use quotation marks for the resulting block quote because the format clearly indicates that it is a quote. 5. Cleaning up notes with the same information? The first time you cite a source in your footnotes/endnotes you must include the complete citation, but for subsequent notes you can just use the authors last name, short title, and page number. How to cite common primary sources in your footnotes/endnotes Citing primary sources can be challenging because they need to include a wider range of information than most secondary sources, but they dont always conveniently include all the information you need. If there is no known author you can just start with the title of the item. The most common abbreviations still in use include n.p. for no publisher and n.d. for no date. CMS no longer requires that you include the date you accessed an online source unless there is no other date of publication or revision provided on the site itself. Classical texts The book, section, and line numbers used when citing for classical works are usually based on the ones in the earliest manuscripts of the work in question. Those numbers do not change with different translations or editions and should be included in the footnote/endnote if they are provided. If you find the source online that information might not be provided. Indicate in your bibliography and the first time you cite a classical work the full details of the edition used, along with the translator and the details of publication, if that information is provided. Citing books like the Bible or Shakespeare does not usually need publication information unless the specific edition is relevant to your discussion. 1. Aristotle, Metaphysics. In Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, edited by J. Barnes, 2 vols, (Bollingen Series. Princeton: Princeton ѸԴ߿Ƭ Press, 1983): 3.2.996b5-8. 2. Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book I, translated by W.D. Ross, Ancient History Sourcebook, accessed February 14, 2015  HYPERLINK "http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/aristotle-metaphysics.txt" http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/aristotle-metaphysics.txt Government legislation 3. Canada, Bill C-46, Criminal Code. 1985. HYPERLINK "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/ Newspaper article 4. An Alderman Predicts a Day of Reckoning, Lethbridge Daily Herald, 25 August 1909,  HYPERLINK "http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/newspapr/np_page2.asp?code=n69p0121.jpg" http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/newspapr/np_page2.asp?code=n69p0121.jpg: 1. Oral interview 5. Beverly Hungry Wolfs interview on Dance with the Unique History of Blackfoot Dance, interviewed by Lisa Doolittle and Anne Flynn, July 11, 2005, Blackfoot Digital Library, HYPERLINK "https://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.com/digital/collection/bdl/id/1223/rec/2"https://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.com/digital/collection/bdl/id/1223/rec/2 Paintings, photographs, or other visual primary sources. 6. Anne Bonney als Pirat, Portrait, (Netherlands, 1725) in Ages of Woman, Ages of Man: Sources in European Social History, 1400-1750, eds. Monica Chojnacka and Merry Wiesner-Hanks (London: Longman, 2002): 69. 7. Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, March 1936. Museum of Modern Art. HYPERLINK "https://www.moma.org/collection/works/50989"https://www.moma.org/collection/works/50989 Primary source which has been republished. Note that it includes the original publication information. 8. Walter McClintock, The Old North Trail: Life, Legends and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians, intro. William E. Farr (Lincoln and London: ѸԴ߿Ƭ of Nebraska Press, 1999; Originally published 1910): 3. Treaty 9. Canada, Treaty No 7 between Her Majesty the Queen and the Blackfeet and Other Indian Tribes, at the Crossing of Bow River and Fort Macleod, 1877. HYPERLINK "https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028793/1581292336658"https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028793/1581292336658 Website 10. The Mongols in World History. Asia for Educators, Columbia ѸԴ߿Ƭ. HYPERLINK "http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/index.htm"http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/index.htm Bibliography Primary Sources An Alderman Predicts a Day of Reckoning. Lethbridge Daily Herald, 25 August 1909.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/newspapr/np_page2.asp?code=n69p0121.jpg" http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/newspapr/np_page2.asp?code=n69p0121.jpg. Anne Bonney als Pirat. Portrait, Netherlands, 1725. In Ages of Woman, Ages of Man: Sources in European Social History, 1400-1750, eds. Monica Chojnacka and Merry Wiesner-Hanks. London: Longman, 2002. Aristotle. Metaphysics. In Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. 2 vols. Edited by J. Barnes. Bollingen Series. Princeton: Princeton ѸԴ߿Ƭ Press, 1983. Aristotle. Metaphysics, Book I. Translated by W.D. Ross. Ancient History Sourcebook.  HYPERLINK "http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/aristotle-metaphysics.txt" http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/aristotle-metaphysics.txt Beverly Hungry Wolfs interview on Dance with the Unique History of Blackfoot Dance. Interviewed by Lisa Doolittle and Anne Flynn, July 11, 2005. Blackfoot Digital Library, HYPERLINK "https://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.com/digital/collection/bdl/id/1223/rec/2"https://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.com/digital/collection/bdl/id/1223/rec/2 Canada. Bill C-46. Criminal Code. 1985. HYPERLINK "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/ Canada. Treaty No 7 between Her Majesty the Queen and the Blackfeet and Other Indian Tribes, at the Crossing of Bow River and Fort Macleod. 1877. HYPERLINK "https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028793/1581292336658"https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028793/1581292336658 Lange, Dorothea. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California. March 1936. Museum of Modern Art. HYPERLINK "https://www.moma.org/collection/works/50989"https://www.moma.org/collection/works/50989 McClintock, Walter. The Old North Trail: Life, Legends and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians, Introduction by William E. Farr. Lincoln and London: ѸԴ߿Ƭ of Nebraska Press, 1999. Originally published 1910. The Mongols in World History. Asia for Educators, Columbia ѸԴ߿Ƭ. HYPERLINK "http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/index.htm"http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/index.htm Secondary sources Duffin, Jacalyn. The Queen's Jews: Religion, Race, and Change in Twentieth-Century Canada. Canadian Journal of History 49, no. 3 (Winter 2014): 369-94. Evans, Julie, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain. Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies. Manchester: Manchester ѸԴ߿Ƭ Press, 2003. Raibmon, Paige. "Living on Display: Colonial Visions of Aboriginal Domestic Spaces." InHome, Work, and Play: Situating Canadian Social History, 1840-1980, edited by James Opp and John C. Walsh, 18-32. Toronto: Oxford ѸԴ߿Ƭ Press, 2006. Sullivan, Jonathan, and Bettina Renz. "Representing China in the South Pacific." East Asia 29, no. 4 (December 2012): 377-90. HYPERLINK "https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1007/s12140-012-9177-0"https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1007/s12140-012-9177-0 Tallett, Frank, and D. J. B. Trim, eds. European Warfare, 1350-1750. Cambridge: Cambridge ѸԴ߿Ƭ Press, 2010.     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